1、Main equipment: rock cutting machine, grinding machine, etc. 2、The grinding process of rock thinsection is as follows: Sampling: First, cut the rock block of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm on the sample according to the requirements. Loose samples need to be cemented. Grinding surface: First, 100 silicon carbide is used for rough grinding, then W28 silicon carbide is used for fine grinding, and finally W7 white corundum is used for fine grinding until the plane is bright. Pasted rock block: After grinding, the polished surface was glued on the glass slide with solid fir glue. Grinding thinsection： After gluing, the rock blocks are ground into thin section by rough grinding, fine grinding and fine grinding. Rough grinding: grind the rock block to a thickness of 0.28-0.4mm with 100 silicon carbide. Fine grinding: grind the sheet to 0.20-0.27mm thickness with 150 SiC. Fine grinding: on the basis of fine grinding, W28 white corundum is used to grind the…

1、Examination and adjustment of polarizing microscope 1.1 power Turn on the power of the polarizing microscope, check and confirm that the lighting system is intact, and gradually adjust the light intensity from weak to strong. 1.2 Adjustment of objective center 1.2.1 The adjustment of the objective lens is from low power to high power 1.1.2 Specific regulation way is that put some of the rock slices on the stage, adjust the focal length of eyepiece, select a tiny particles to the crosshair center, rotate the object stage to observe the small particles trajectory, then use objective correct screw to adjust for the center, keeping tiny particles remains at the center of the cross wire.Finally, the adjustment is finished. Adjustment of the high power objective lens shares the same way with the low power objective. 1.3 Adjustment of polarizer 1.3.1 The thin section containing biotite is placed under the eyepiece, the strip section of biotite is selected under the plan polarized…

1. Principle of thin section examination for flourescence characteristics The polished fluorescent slices of rock are placed under the polarized fluorescence microscope. According to the different luminescence colors of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in rocks excited by ultraviolet light, the petroliferous properties can be determined by fluorescence color, brightness and luminescence position.The fluorescent color reflects the characteristics of asphalt components, and the luminous brightness reflects the asphalt content. 2. Equipment 2.1 Polarizing fluorescence microscope, transmission polarizing system, reflection fluorescence system, uv excited color filter (wavelength 365nm). 2.2 Micrography (photography) system 2.3 Image analysis system of fluorescent flakes 3. workflow 3.1 Naked eye observation of rock specimens, select suitable samples for fluorescence thin section identification 3.2 Preparation of fluorescent thin sections 3.3 Identification of rock and mineral types and reservoir space characteristics 3.4 Describe the fluorescence color, brightness and distribution in detail, and determine the hydrocarbon characteristics 4. Fluorescence identification of different rock types 4.1 Fluorescence identification of clastic rocks…

1、Sample Preparation First, the cathodoluminescence thin section of rock was made. Compared with ordinary rock thin section, this kind of thin section is not covered, the top surface is polished, and the thickness is slightly larger (0.04mm). It is pasted on the carrier with 502 glue. If there is oil, it should be cleaned first. 2、Principle of cathodoluminescence When an electron beam (e.g. from a scanning electron microscope) interacts with minerals, a variety of processes occur, which can be used for various microscopic observations. In addition to electronic signals, various incoherent and coherent processes generate a wide range of electromagnetic radiation. Cathodoluminescence is most commonly performed in scanning electron microscopy. In a vacuum chamber containing the sample you are studying, the electron beam is focused on the sample. Then, the light generated by the sample under the action of electron beam must be collected by collecting optical devices (such as mirrors or objective lens), or captured directly by the cathodoluminescence…

The automatic micro area sampling instrument, which is observed under the microscope, uses the precise movement of the electric platform to realize the sampling and collection process, and has the function of vacuum adsorption.Different types of microscopes, such as stereoscopic, inverted and upright microscopes, are selected according to the specific requirements.It can be widely used in various fields, and can be configured according to the specific needs of different accessories, saving costs, highlighting the use of performance.For example, a stereomicroscope with a mobile platform can be used to take rock samples, which is convenient for the movement of stalagmite samples. The following is the image of the program controlled automatic XYZ three-dimensional translation stage and the program controlled automatic XYZ three-dimensional translation stage. In this way, the sampling instrument adopts the vertical drilling sampling method, and the drilling needle can be stably fixed on the top of the host machine, in a horizontal position with the vacuum collection part. The…

1、Principle of micro temperature measurement for fluid inclusions in sedimentary rocks: The rock is made into thin sections and placed in a hot and cold table, which is then placed under a microscope. Control the temperature rise and fall of the cooling and heating table. The formation temperature of gas-liquid inclusions was determined by homogenization method, and the freezing point of brine solution was determined by freezing method. 1.1 Principle of homogenization method Selection of gas-liquid two-phase inclusions (single-phase inclusions when trapped).When heated to a certain temperature, the gas-liquid two-phase changes into one phase, and the phase state of inclusion formation is restored. The instantaneous temperature of phase recovery is the homogenization temperature of the inclusion. 1.2 Principle of freezing method: The freezing point TM of the fluid phase is measured. Based on the principle that different concentrations of brine solutions have different freezing points, the liquid phase salinity of inclusions can be obtained by using the corresponding phase diagram…

1、Principle The intensity of the reflected light (λ = 546nm) perpendicular to the incident light on the polished surface of the vitrinite is measured by the photoelectric converter under the oil immersion objective of the microscope. The intensity of the reflected light is compared with that of the reference material with known reflectivity under the same conditions. Due to the slight difference of optical properties among vitrinite particles in single coal seam, the difference is greater in mixed coal, so it is necessary to obtain enough measurement values from different particles to ensure the representativeness of the results. 2、Main technical conditions of microscope and photometer: The light source with enough brightness and stable output should be used, and the halogen quartz lamp with power of 50W or 100W should be used. The polarizer can be sheet polarizer or prism polarizer. Objective lens: it is suitable for polarizing and oil immersion lens with refractive index of 1.518. It has low diffuse…

1、Principle of identification of kerogen macerals by transmission light – fluorescence The extracted kerogen was made into thin sections and observed under a biological microscope. Blue light was injected to stimulate fluorescence.Different kerogen components present different morphology and fluorescence color.The main macerals are: sapropelic group (phytoplankton, sapropelic amorphous), EXINITE group (resinite, cork, cuticle, sporopollen, fungus spore, humic amorphous, benthic algae amorphous), vitrinite group (normal vitrinite, hydrogen rich vitrinite), inertinite group.The percentage content of macerals was calculated by point measurement or visual estimation.The type index calculation and type division were carried out. 2、Implementation standard： SY/T51252014 Identification and classfication method of kerogen macerals by transmission light – fluorescence

1、Principle of mineral electron probe analysis The sample to be tested is first made into polished slice or thin section for electron probe.Under the bombardment of high voltage current (voltage 15kv-20kv, current 1 10-8-5 10-8A, spot diameter about 1-5μm\15-30μm), the minerals are excited to characteristic X-rays. Different elements have different wavelengths of characteristic X-rays. The intensity of X-ray is related to the concentration of elements. There are two ways of X-ray detection: spectrometer and energy dispersive spectrometer. 2、Equipment 2.1.Spectrometer The key of the spectrometer is how to connect the unknown characteristic spectral line with the known element number Z. For this reason, it is assumed that there is a specific crystal (we call it spectroscopic crystal) with a plane spacing of D. when X-rays of different characteristic wavelengths are irradiated on it, if the Bragg condition (2dsin θ = λ) is satisfied, diffraction will occur. Obviously, for any given incident angle θ, only a certain wavelength λ satisfies the diffraction…

1、The following formula is used to calculate the total amount of clay minerals and the content of various non clay minerals: In the formula: Xi——percentage of mineral i (wt%)； Ii——selected integral intensity of diffraction peak in mineral i； Ki——Reference strength of mineral i; 2、Determne of the relative content of clay minerals: Firstly, pure clay minerals are extracted from rocks to prepare oriented slices. X-ray diffraction was performed. Then calculate the relative content of various clay minerals. The diffractive rays with specific diffractive index of various clay minerals are selected, and their intensities are determined. The relative content is determined according to the proportion of their intensities in the total intensities and intensities of diffractive rays of various clay minerals. 3、Determination of order degree of dolomite Read the integral intensity I (015) of the diffraction peak [D (015) = 0.2540nm] of dolomite (015) crystal plane and the integral intensity I (110) of the diffraction peak [D (110) = 0.2405nm] of dolomite…

1、Equipment （1）Polarizing, reflection microscope or emission polarizing microscope, and equipped with computer or mechanical station, counter, image analyzer （2）Microphotographic system 2、Rock flake The area of flake is 40mm×25mm with 10mm thickness and smooth surface, mirror-like bright. 3、Preparatory work before identification 3.1 Pressure flat piece Place the back side of the slide on the glue (3.2.2) that adheres to the slide and press the smooth surface horizontally with a hand press (3.2.1). 3.2 Power supply Turn on the power supply of the reflector polarizing microscope, turn the transformer knob, gradually adjust the brightness degree from weak to strong, to achieve the required lighting effect. 3.3 Adjustment of reflection polarizing microscope 3.3.1 Center correction of objective lens Methods Center correction was performed with the same polarizing light microscope (see 5.3 in DZ/T 0275.4-2015). 3.3.2 Adjustment of reflector First, place the polished section on the microscope platform; Then, after setting the microscope in focus, the light with the shape of circle is cast…

1、Principle of mineral crystal X-ray diffraction There are regular lattice in mineral crystal. The lattice can be divided into a group of parallel and equidistant planar lattice (dot). The plane spacing of two adjacent lattice is dhkl, in which the subscript hkl is the surface net index. When X-ray irradiates the mineral crystal, every lattice in the crystal will scatter the incident X-ray.The distance between any adjacent planes is dhkl.When X-ray irradiates on this crystal plane, the incident angle and scattering angle are equal, both are θ. When the optical path difference is an integral multiple of the X-ray wavelength (λ), the scattered X-rays strengthen each other and produce diffraction rays,that is 2dsinθ=nλ. This is the famous Bragg formula.At present, X-rays are usually produced by high-voltage power source to excite copper target (Cuk α) and iron target (FEK α) in vacuum tube, some are produced by synchrotron radiation. Bragg formula shows that when n λ is constant, D is inversely…

The main purpose is to identify the macerals of shale, carbonate rock and coal slick 1、Basic principle: The polished rock slice made of representative rock samples is placed under the reflective microscope, and white light and fluorescence are used alternately. The microscopic components are identified according to the color, intensity, structural morphology, protuberance, internal reflection, occurrence of reflected light and the color, morphology and intensity of fluorescence. The percentages of macerals and minerals were calculated by point counting method or visual estimation method. The main macerals are as follows:Sapropelic formation (structural algae, stratiform algae, asphaltite), vitrinite (hydrogen rich vitrinite, normal vitrinite, recirculating vitrinite), inertinite (mycelium, coarse grain, fungi, inertinite), secondary organic matter (hydrocarbon, asphaltic, microsomal, anisotropic), animal organic clastic group (animal clastic, animal mollusc), mineral asphalt matrix. 2、Equipment Binocular polarizing light, reflector light microscope, and equipped with reflector fluorescence device. Calculator, immersion 3、Sample preparation Rock samples or crushed, no fluorescent binder + rock crushed to make photographic samples 4、Test method…

1. Working Principle: GC mainly uses differences in boiling point, polarity and adsorbability of substances to separate mixtures. The process is shown in FIG. 1 gas phase analysis flow chart. Actually, chromatography was first discovered by the Russian botanist M.S.Tswett in 1901. In March 1903, M.S.Tswett formally proposed the word “chromatography” in his report at an academic conference at the University of Warsaw, marking the birth of chromatography. Therefore, he was nominated as candidate for the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1917. Gas chromatography appeared in the 1940s. At that time, Tswett was studying the separation technology of liquid chromatography (LC). In the process of studying the theory of distribution chromatography, British people A.J.P. Martin and R.L.M. Synge confirmed the possibility of gas as chromatography flowing and predicted the birth of GC. Coincidentally, the two scientists awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Although the achievement represented their contribution to distributive chromatography theory, some descendants believed that they got the prize because…

1.Conception Paleontological fossils are the remains, relics and traces of life activities of organisms in geological history preserved in rock strata through natural processes. Paleontological fossil can be divided into remains fossil, mold fossil, relic fossil, relic fossil, chemical fossil five kinds. Remains fossils refer to the remains of paleontology themselves preserved in rocks, including whole and partial fossils.Such as mammoth, dinosaur bones, human skulls, siliceous wood and other fossils.Cast fossils are impressions and replicas of biological remains left in strata or surrounding rocks.Such as leaf impressions, shells and other fossil.Relic fossils are traces of ancient life that remain in rock formations.Such as footprints, climb marks, holes, apertures and other fossils. 2. Instruments Equipmets: microscope, electronic scales(0g~100g,±0.01g), adjustable temperature heating plate(50C~300C), ultrasonic cleaner(power:75W~100W), refrigerator, oven. 3. Carry Out Testing Projects 1 Identification of slake fossil rocks 6    Sporopollen analysis 2 Analysis and identification of calcareous ultramicrofossils 7 Analysis and identification of micropalaeobotany 3  analysis and identification of Foraminifera 8…

Principle of mercury injection method: Mercury is a non wetting phase for most rock cores. If the pressure applied to mercury is greater than or equal to the capillary pressure of the pore throat, Mercury will overcome the resistance of the pore throat and enter the pore. According to the pore volume fraction and the corresponding pressure, the relationship between capillary pressure and mercury saturation can be obtained. Because the surface tension and wetting contact angle of mercury are relatively stable, the pore size and distribution are usually converted from the capillary pressure curve measured by an injection mercury porosimeter.Assuming that the pore system is composed of cylindrical capillary bundles of different thickness, the relationship between capillary pressure and pore diameter is as follows: Where: ρc — Capillary pressure (absolute pressure in MPa)； σ — surface tension in N/m； θ — wetting contact angle（in °） rc — Capillary radius（in μm） Under laboratory conditions, σ=0.48N/m, θ=140°, there is: According to equation…

1、Principle Rock samples of saturated wetting (non wetting) phase fluid are packed into a centrifuge box filled with non wetting (wetting) phase fluid and rotated at a series of selected angular velocities. Because of the different density of the fluid inside and outside the rock sample, the centrifugal force of the two fluids is different.With the help of the centrifugal force difference of two-phase fluid, the capillary pressure of lithofacies can be overcome to make the non wetting (wetting) phase fluid enter the rock sample and expel the wetting (non wetting) phase fluid.The higher the rotation speed of centrifuge, the greater the centrifugal pressure difference of two-phase fluid. Therefore, with the increase of the rotation speed of centrifuge, more and more wetted (non wetted) phase fluid in pores is expelled.The capillary pressure curve can be obtained by measuring the cumulative discharge volume of wetting (non wetting) phase fluid at a series of steady rotating speeds.This method is suitable for rock…

Under formation conditions, the steel ball falls freely in a smooth standard pipe containing formation oil. By recording the falling time of the steel ball, the viscosity of crude oil is calculated by the following formula: μ = κ（ρ1-ρ2）t Where,μ—Dynamic viscosity of crude oil，in mPa·s； t- The falling time of steel ball in s ρ1、ρ2—Density of steel ball and crude oil Κ—The viscometer constant , is related to the inclination angle of the standard tube, the size and density of the steel ball.

1、Principle The principle of atomic absorption spectrometry is that, Implementation standard：:SY/T5161—2002 Determination of some metal elements in rocks by atomic absorption spectrometry.When the characteristic spectrum of the element to be measured radiated by the light source passes through the vapor of the sample, it is selectively absorbed by the ground state atoms of the element to be measured in the vapor.Under certain conditions, the degree of absorption is directly proportional to the number of atoms in the ground state.The content of each element in the sample can be obtained by measuring the absorption degree of the radiation line through the light splitting system and the detector.After the sample is dissolved, it is made into the solution to be determined, and determined according to the analysis conditions of each element to be determined. 2、Implementation standard： SY/T5161—2002 Determination of some elements in rocks atomic absorption spectromery

1、Principle A certain amount of ammonia thiocyanate is added to the water-based drilling fluid as a tracer.When drilling core, if the drilling fluid filter fluid immersed in the core, then the filter dissolved ammonia thiocyanate will also enter together.By determining the content of ammonia parathionate in the core and the concentration of ammonia thiocyanate in the drilling fluid filter, the degree of immersion of the drilling fluid filter into the core can be determined. 2、The standard is enforced SY/T5343-94 Determination method for testing the amount of filtrate invading core

Oilfield water analysis is mainly used for water injection evaluation and monitoring, scaling formation and corrosion research.

component method Reference method Detection limit alkalinity Potentiometry method 6.2.2 in “Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods” ASTMD1067   1mg/L CaCO3 Indicator method 6.2.1 in “Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods”   – Al3+ Atomic absorption spectrometry ASTMD857 0.1mg/L Emission spectrometry method SY/T6404 – Ammonium   Nessler’s reagent method GB/T7479 ASTMD1426 0.02mg/L Ion selective electrode method ASTMD1426 0.03mg/L Titration GB/T7478 The nitrogen content is 0.2mg/l Ion chromatography ASTMD4327 0.1mg/L Ba2+ Emission spectrometry SY/T6404 – Atomic absorption spectrometry GB/T15506 ASTMD3651 1.7mg/L 0.03mg/L Bicarbonate Reference alkalinity Biological oxygen demand Biological methods GB/T7488 2mg/L B3+ Curcumin Spectrophotometry HJ/T49 0.02mg/L Titration Refer to 6.3.6.2 – Bromide Ion chromatography ASTMD4327 0.1mg/L Iodimetry – Ca2+ Emission spectrometry method SY/T6404 – Atomic absorption spectrometry GB/T11905 ASTMD511 0.02mg/L 0.003mg/L EDTA titration GB/T7476 ASTMD511 2mg/L 1mg/L carbonate Reference alkalinity CO2 Titration 6.3 in “Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods”   ASTMD513 – 1mg/L Chloride Mohr/colorimetry ASTMD4458 0.5mg/L Mercuric nitrate method   6.11.2 in “Water and wastewater…

1、Principle Paleomagnetic chronology is a method to determine the stratigraphic age by using the earth’s magnetism.his method does not directly measure the age of rocks, but indirectly obtains the age of rocks by measuring the positive and negative polarity changes of natural residual magnetism of rocks and comparing with the standard paleomagnetic polarity chronology.Therefore, it can not be called paleomagnetic dating, and the age obtained can only be called contrast age. The paleomagnetic polarity chronology is based on the measurement of a series of paleomagnetic polarity events in stratigraphic sections, and assisted by a large number of K-Ar dating data, to compile the polarity change events of different time scales into the earth’s polarity schedule.The paleomagnetic polarity chronology is global.It is the standard of paleomagnetic polarity correlation in the world.At present, the polarity chronology used for Quaternary research is a quaternary paleomagnetic polarity chronology, which is based on the geomagnetic polarity schedule since 5mab. P. which was drawn up by…

when the sample to be tested rotates in the magnetic shielding cylinder of the digital rotating magnetometer close to the fluxgate sensor, a signal is generated on the fluxgate sensor. After the signal is put on the magnetometer circuit, it is converted into the corresponding value on the computer and can be stored. When the sample is rotated for six times, the computer automatically calculates the average values of magnetic declination, magnetic inclination and magnetic moment of the sample. In the process of rotation, the computer can automatically control the best electric gain and the most suitable rotation time of the circuit to achieve the required test accuracy.

when the sample has an external magnetic field in the superconducting ring axis of the superconducting quantum interference device, its weak change will induce a ring current in the ring. The external magnetic field of the sample is measured by the change of the ring current caused by the change of the external field in the sample. The signal is directly measured by the superconducting ring of the magnetic flux converter and coupled to the superconducting ring. The signal in the superconducting ring is input into the processing circuit working at room temperature for amplification, filtering and comparison, and then converted into the required magnetic moment (three orthogonal components), magnetic inclination, magnetic declination, etc.

thermal demagnetizer heats the sample to make the magnetic field disappear. Demagnetization in alternating magnetic field: the remanence of sample disappears in alternating magnetic field.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an instrument for the determination of ultra trace elements and isotope ratios. It consists of a plasma generator, an atomization chamber, a torch tube, a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a fast channel electron multiplier tube (called an ion detector or collector). 1、Its working principle is: the atomizer sends the solution sample to the plasma light source, vaporizes at high temperature, dissociates the ionized gas, and the ions collected by the copper or nickel sampling cone form molecular beam at low vacuum pressure of 133.322pa, After mass separation by mass filter, it reaches the ion detector. According to the proportional relationship between detector count and concentration, the element content or isotope ratio can be measured. Its advantages are: low detection limit (ng / ml or lower), small matrix effect, simple spectral line, simultaneous determination of many elements, wide dynamic linear range and rapid determination of isotope ratio. In geology, it is used to determine…